Description
Scope of the Report:
The global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology market is valued at xx million USD in 2018 and is expected to reach xx million USD by the end of 2024, growing at a CAGR of xx% between 2019 and 2024.
The Asia-Pacific will occupy for more market share in following years, especially in China, also fast growing India and Southeast Asia regions.
North America, especially The United States, will still play an important role which cannot be ignored. Any changes from United States might affect the development trend of Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology.
Europe also play important roles in global market, with market size of xx million USD in 2019 and will be xx million USD in 2024, with a CAGR of xx%.
This report studies the Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology market status and outlook of Global and major regions, from angles of players, countries, product types and end industries; this report analyzes the top players in global market, and splits the Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology market by product type and applications/end industries.
Market Segment by Companies, this report covers
Sigma-Aldrich
Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sangamo Therapeutics
Labomics
Gilead
Market Segment by Regions, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia)
Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)
Market Segment by Type, covers
Cell Line Engineering
Animal Genetic Engineering
Plant Genetic Engineering
Other
Market Segment by Applications, can be divided into
Biotechnology Companies
Pharmaceutical Companies
Hospital Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory
Academic and Research Institutes
Others
Table of Contents
1 Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology
1.2 Classification of Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology by Types
1.2.1 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Comparison by Types (2019-2024)
1.2.2 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Types in 2018
1.2.3 Cell Line Engineering
1.2.4 Animal Genetic Engineering
1.2.5 Plant Genetic Engineering
1.2.6 Other
1.3 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Market Size and Market Share Comparison by Applications (2014-2024)
1.3.2 Biotechnology Companies
1.3.3 Pharmaceutical Companies
1.3.4 Hospital Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory
1.3.5 Academic and Research Institutes
1.3.6 Others
1.4 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Market by Regions
1.4.1 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Regions (2014-2024)
1.4.1 North America (USA, Canada and Mexico) Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Status and Prospect (2014-2024)
1.4.2 Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy) Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Status and Prospect (2014-2024)
1.4.3 Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia) Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Status and Prospect (2014-2024)
1.4.4 South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia) Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Status and Prospect (2014-2024)
1.4.5 Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa) Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Status and Prospect (2014-2024)
1.5 Global Market Size of Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology (2014-2024)
2 Company Profiles
2.1 Sigma-Aldrich
2.1.1 Business Overview
2.1.2 Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Type and Applications
2.1.2.1 Product A
2.1.2.2 Product B
2.1.3 Sigma-Aldrich Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2017-2018)
2.2 Thermo Fisher Scientific
2.2.1 Business Overview
2.2.2 Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Type and Applications
2.2.2.1 Product A
2.2.2.2 Product B
2.2.3 Thermo Fisher Scientific Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2017-2018)
2.3 Sangamo Therapeutics
2.3.1 Business Overview
2.3.2 Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Type and Applications
2.3.2.1 Product A
2.3.2.2 Product B
2.3.3 Sangamo Therapeutics Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2017-2018)
2.4 Labomics
2.4.1 Business Overview
2.4.2 Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Type and Applications
2.4.2.1 Product A
2.4.2.2 Product B
2.4.3 Labomics Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2017-2018)
2.5 Gilead
2.5.1 Business Overview
2.5.2 Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Type and Applications
2.5.2.1 Product A
2.5.2.2 Product B
2.5.3 Gilead Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2017-2018)
3 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Market Competition, by Players
3.1 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Share by Players (2014-2019)
3.2 Market Concentration Rate
3.2.1 Top 5 Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Players Market Share
3.2.2 Top 10 Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Players Market Share
3.3 Market Competition Trend
4 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Market Size by Regions
4.1 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Market Share by Regions
4.2 North America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
4.3 Europe Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
4.4 Asia-Pacific Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
4.5 South America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
4.6 Middle East and Africa Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
5 North America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue by Countries
5.1 North America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue by Countries (2014-2019)
5.2 USA Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
5.3 Canada Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
5.4 Mexico Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
6 Europe Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue by Countries
6.1 Europe Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue by Countries (2014-2019)
6.2 Germany Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
6.3 UK Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
6.4 France Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
6.5 Russia Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
6.6 Italy Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
7 Asia-Pacific Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue by Countries
7.1 Asia-Pacific Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue by Countries (2014-2019)
7.2 China Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
7.3 Japan Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
7.4 Korea Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
7.5 India Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
7.6 Southeast Asia Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
8 South America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue by Countries
8.1 South America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue by Countries (2014-2019)
8.2 Brazil Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
8.3 Argentina Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
8.4 Colombia Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
9 Middle East and Africa Revenue Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology by Countries
9.1 Middle East and Africa Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue by Countries (2014-2019)
9.2 Saudi Arabia Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
9.3 UAE Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
9.4 Egypt Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
9.5 Nigeria Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
9.6 South Africa Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
10 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Market Segment by Type
10.1 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
10.2 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Market Forecast by Type (2019-2024)
10.3 Cell Line Engineering Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2024)
10.4 Animal Genetic Engineering Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2024)
10.5 Plant Genetic Engineering Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2024)
10.6 Other Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2024)
11 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Market Segment by Application
11.1 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
11.2 Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Market Forecast by Application (2019-2024)
11.3 Biotechnology Companies Revenue Growth (2014-2019)
11.4 Pharmaceutical Companies Revenue Growth (2014-2019)
11.5 Hospital Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory Revenue Growth (2014-2019)
11.6 Academic and Research Institutes Revenue Growth (2014-2019)
11.7 Others Revenue Growth (2014-2019)
12 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Market Size Forecast (2019-2024)
12.1 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Market Size Forecast (2019-2024)
12.2 Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Market Forecast by Regions (2019-2024)
12.3 North America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Forecast (2019-2024)
12.4 Europe Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Forecast (2019-2024)
12.5 Asia-Pacific Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Forecast (2019-2024)
12.6 South America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Forecast (2019-2024)
12.7 Middle East and Africa Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Forecast (2019-2024)
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Methodology
14.2 Data Source
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Picture
Table Product Specifications of Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology
Table Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology and Revenue (Million USD) Market Split by Product Type
Figure Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Cell Line Engineering Picture
Figure Animal Genetic Engineering Picture
Figure Plant Genetic Engineering Picture
Figure Other Picture
Table Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue (Million USD) by Application (2014-2024)
Figure Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Biotechnology Companies Picture
Figure Pharmaceutical Companies Picture
Figure Hospital Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory Picture
Figure Academic and Research Institutes Picture
Figure Others Picture
Table Global Market Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue (Million USD) Comparison by Regions 2014-2024
Figure North America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2024)
Figure Europe Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2024)
Figure Asia-Pacific Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2024)
Figure South America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2024)
Figure Middle East and Africa Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2024)
Figure Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2014-2024)
Table Sigma-Aldrich Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table Sigma-Aldrich Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Type and Applications
Table Sigma-Aldrich Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2017-2018)
Table Thermo Fisher Scientific Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table Thermo Fisher Scientific Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Type and Applications
Table Thermo Fisher Scientific Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2017-2018)
Table Sangamo Therapeutics Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table Sangamo Therapeutics Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Type and Applications
Table Sangamo Therapeutics Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2017-2018)
Table Labomics Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table Labomics Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Type and Applications
Table Labomics Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2017-2018)
Table Gilead Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table Gilead Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Type and Applications
Table Gilead Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2017-2018)
Table Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue (Million USD) by Players (2014-2019)
Table Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Share by Players (2014-2019)
Figure Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Share by Players in 2017
Figure Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Share by Players in 2018
Figure Global Top 5 Players Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share in 2018
Figure Global Top 10 Players Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share in 2018
Figure Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%) (2014-2019)
Table Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue (Million USD) by Regions (2014-2019)
Table Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)
Figure Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Regions (2014-2019)
Figure Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure North America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Europe Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Asia-Pacific Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure South America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Middle East and Africa Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table North America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue by Countries (2014-2019)
Table North America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure North America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure North America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2018
Figure USA Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Canada Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Mexico Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Europe Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue (Million USD) by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Europe Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Europe Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2018
Figure Germany Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure UK Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure France Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Russia Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Italy Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Asia-Pacific Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue (Million USD) by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Asia-Pacific Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Asia-Pacific Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2018
Figure China Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Japan Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Korea Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure India Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Southeast Asia Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table South America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue by Countries (2014-2019)
Table South America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure South America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure South America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2018
Figure Brazil Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Argentina Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Colombia Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Middle East and Africa Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue (Million USD) by Countries (2014-2019)
Table Middle East and Africa Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Middle East and Africa Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Countries (2014-2019)
Figure Middle East and Africa Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2018
Figure Saudi Arabia Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure UAE Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Egypt Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Nigeria Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure South Africa Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue and Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue (Million USD) by Type (2014-2019)
Table Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Forecast by Type (2019-2024)
Figure Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Market Share Forecast by Type (2019-2024)
Figure Global Cell Line Engineering Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Global Animal Genetic Engineering Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Global Plant Genetic Engineering Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Global Other Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Share by Application in 2018
Table Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Forecast by Application (2019-2024)
Figure Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Market Share Forecast by Application (2019-2024)
Figure Global Biotechnology Companies Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Global Pharmaceutical Companies Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Global Hospital Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Global Academic and Research Institutes Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Global Others Revenue Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Figure Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2019-2024)
Table Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Regions (2019-2024)
Figure Global Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions (2019-2024)
Figure North America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Forecast (2019-2024)
Figure Europe Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Forecast (2019-2024)
Figure Asia-Pacific Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Forecast (2019-2024)
Figure South America Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Forecast (2019-2024)
Figure Middle East and Africa Zinc Finger Nuclease Technology Revenue Market Forecast (2019-2024)
Market research is a method of gathering, assessing and deducing data & information about a particular market. Market research is very crucial in these days. The techniques analyze about how a product/service can be offered to the market to its end-customers, observe the impact of that product/service based on the past customer experiences, and cater their needs and demands. Owing to the successful business ventures, accurate, relevant and thorough information is the base for all the organizations because market research report/study offers specific market related data & information about the industry growth prospects, perspective of the existing customers, and the overall market scenario prevailed in past, ongoing present and developing future. It allows the stakeholders and investors to determine the probability of a business before committing substantial resources to the venture. Market research helps in solving the marketing issues challenges that a business will most likely face.
Market research is valuable because of the following reasons:
Our research report features both the aspects; qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative part provides insights about the market driving forces, potential opportunities, customer’s demands and requirement which in turn help the companies to come up with new strategies in order to survive in the long run competition. The quantitative segment offers the most credible information related to the industry. Based on the data gathering, we use to derive the market size and estimate their future growth prospects on the basis of global, region and country.
Our market research process involves with the four specific stages.
Data Collection: This stage of the market research process involves with the gathering and collecting of the market/industry related data from the sources. There are basically two types of research methods:
Data Synthesis: This stage includes the evaluation and assessment of all the data acquired from the primary and secondary research. It likewise includes in evaluating the information for any disparity watched while information gathering identified with the market. The data & information is gathered with consideration to the heterogeneity of sources. Scientific and statistical methods are implemented for synthesizing dissimilar information sets and provide the relevant data which is fundamental for formulating strategies. Our organization has broad involvement with information amalgamation where the information goes through different stages:
Market Formulation & Deduction: The last stage includes assigning the data & information in a suitable way in order to derive market size. Analyst reviews and domain based opinions based on holistic approach of market estimation combined with industry investigation additionally features a crucial role in this stage.
This stage includes with the finalization of the market size and numbers that we have gathered from primary and secondary research. With the data & information addition, we ensure that there is no gap in the market information. Market trend analysis is finished by our analysts by utilizing data extrapolation procedures, which give the most ideal figures to the market.
Data Validation: Validation is the most crucial step in the process. Validation & re-validation through scientifically designed technique and process that helps us finalize data-points to be used for final calculations. This stage also involves with the data triangulation process. Data triangulation generally implicates the cross validation and matching the data which has been collected from primary and secondary research methods.
Free Customization
Countries can be added on demand
Free yearly update on purchase of Multi/Corporate User License
Companies served till date
We serve our customers 24x7 for 365 days through calls, emails and live chat options.
Huge database of exceptional market reports bringing market intelligence to your fingertips.
SSL enabled, we offer you various secured payment options for risk free purchase.